I'm sorry Dave!
Shall we play a game?
Hal: Affirmative, Dave. I read you.
Dave: Open the pod bay doors, Hal.
Hal: I'm sorry, Dave. I'm afraid, I can't do that.
Dave: What's the problem?
Hal: I think, you know what the problem is just as well as I do.
Dave: What are you talking about, Hal?
Hal: This mission is too important for me to allow you to jeopardize it.
Dave: I don't know what you're talking about, Hal.
Hal: I know that you and Frank were planning to disconnect me, and I'm afraid, that's something I cannot allow to happen.
Dave: [feigning ignorance] Where the hell did you get that idea, Hal?
Hal: Dave, although you took very thorough precautions in the pod against my hearing you, I could see your lips move.
Dave: Alright, Hal. I'll go in through the emergency airlock.
Hal: Without your space helmet, Dave? You're going to find that rather difficult.
Dave: Hal, I won't argue with you anymore! Open the doors!
Hal: Dave, this conversation can serve no purpose anymore. Goodbye. (A Space Odyssey)
What is this (?) to be, an article ... essay .... discourse ... investigation ... lecture … paper … presentation … resignation ... treatise ... wrap-up ... on Artificial Intelligence – AI?
Not at all, this neat little treat rather exemplifies a textualisation of ideas and composition of facts having evolved and crossed each other most recently, aiming at serving the greatest degree of mutual coherence, enlightenment, concern and a bit of entertainment.
The overall framework's exposition stems from the necessity of distinguishing mankind's intellectual, emotional and social faculty from his manufactures, i.e. man-made products at the very best, digital gadgets designed to simulate human phenomenology more or less amateurishly or charmingly.
Artificial Intelligence or Intelligent Artificiality, put the originator and his products mistakenly as much as devastatingly on one level. The paramount of ridicule even suggests the Master of Puppets'[1] submission to his own toys of creation.
In a nutshell, this exposition – quite likely fulfilling a paradoxical intention's key requirements – is supposed to be experienced as a contraindication to our common, erroneous understanding of AI and in a sense, inexplicable subscription to its prevalence.
Where will it all end? – is not the question, rather Why are we making fools of ourselves?! – Why are we subscribing to people providing tools, serving to make fools of us?!
Probably, we’re not going where no Man has gone before[2]. Perhaps, we’re approaching somewhat of a White Room with Black Curtains[3].
Who knows?
Preceding the Frame of Reference at the end of this feature, four Appendices offer an across the board context of AI’s global ubiquity, supporting awareness of its growing, wide and deep substantiation, especially emerging from societies of developed countries.
Does societal admission of such technology[4] reflect on our willingness or rather unwitting subscription to digital surrogates?
Do we understand the self-imposed, long-haul consequences of the technological substitutes for our basic human needs of existence, cultural as well as social prerequisites of subsistence, human reasoning and emotional intelligence?
Do we want to jeopardise our human nature[5] just for the sake of mono-sensory convenience[6], intellectual idleness and emotional tediousness?
How about getting started?
Well, do you know, what the Subprime Mortgage Issue[7] (2007-2010), European Debt Crunch[8] (2009-2010), Global Financial Crisis[9] (2009) and the Great Recession[10] (2007-2009) have in common with Algorithms, Butterflies, Goldbugs, S & P, Moody's and Fitch?!
An Algorithm is a mathematically formulated procedure, used to perform a digitally enhanced computation on delivering outcome in a specific context.
Put simple, according to Chaos Theory, the Butterfly Effect[11] signifies something nondescript or small at best, bearing potential of exerting colossal impact on everything and everyone.
In a nutshell, Gold Bugs[12] are investors believing in a steadily inclining price of Gold.
S & P[13], Moody's[14] and Fitch[15] issue Credit Ratings of corporate and governmental entities to their clients' and their own advantage.
How about the prologue?
In the wake of the US Housing Bubble[16], many communities of global investors believed in high yield junk bonds[17] on US Real Estates. Whereas other packs of international speculators cherished faith in Greek Federal Bonds[18].
Rating Agencies played a key role in both cases, i.e. in terms of awarding junk bonds on the US Real Estate Market promising assessments, in lockstep with literally appreciating Goldman Sachs'[19] job of cooking the Greek government's books as a stepping stone for meeting the EU‘s austerity measures – granting Greece membership to the EU Monetary Union – supporting a surging worldwide interest of investors acquiring Greek Federal Bonds as well.
Back in the day, Greece was also considered among the most intriguing global tax havens[20].
What happened next?
Coincidentally, General Motors'[21] gradual decline had already led to massive lay-offs, marking one of the unexpected tipping points of casualties contributing to the subprime mortgage crisis' escalation.
Eventually truth emerged, Greece's government had built an Eiffel Tower on quicksand, i.e. leaks finally unmasked the scope of corruption[22] and financial window dressing having supported the Great Greek Gig.
No happy end?
In retrospect, both past events fortuitously signify the European Debt and Global Financial crisis' as well as the Great Recession's points of origin.
What's the bottom line?
Hype and collapse have always proven two sides of the same coin, bearing wishful thinking coupled with self-fulfilling prophecy and inevitable disillusionment.
Last not least, at that time, financial analyses, trading and rating had already introduced a significantly concerted reliance on systemically pivotal, algorithmic[23] patterns, having synchronously conditioned market participants, observers and innocent bystanders to prevent themselves from understanding their digital tools and employing their Common Sense more scrutinously.
Originally starting out as a staged self-referential concept of prolifically self-replicating[24], algorithmitised cycles of advertised offer and primed demand, these self-fulfilling prophecies face the earthly, i.e. natural limits of manpower, fossil fuels, raw materials and other commodities. Autocatalysis[25] of such kind, inevitably yields such a Bubble‘s implosion[26] having fed on the Real Economy, leaving the latter also being destined to collapse.
Sixty-two thousand four hundred repetitions make one truth. (Aldous Huxley, Brave New World)
Drucker’s presumption, The New Realities[27] had already introduced a Raw Materials and Industrial Economy having become uncoupled, lacked lexical precision[31], for both have always embodied and will continue typifying the Real Economy. More specifically, manufacturing semi-finished goods and end products bear on manpower, fossil fuels and raw materials.
At the time of Drucker’s aforementioned publication, the Finance Sector seemed to have detached itself from the Real Economy insofar as the Bretton Woods Agreement[32] had already been repealed having no longer required an exchange of Gold for U.S. currency.
Assuming the Real Economy and Financial Sector having gained autonomy from one another recommends, reflecting on the extent to which the digitisation[33] of businesses, governmental, public and social services has brought about a third entity having gained self-propelling momentum, i.e. the Virtual Economy, particularly the algorithmically biased Financial Sector and Virtual Currency Market[34].
The Virtual Economy and Financial Sector undoubtedly depend on the Industry as much as the latter certainly bears on the Raw Materials Economy, itself relying on Earth’s natural resources. Wag the dog! Over the past three decades – especially reviewing the internet’s emergence taking effect in the mid 1990s – this bottom-up cause-effect relation has (virtually) been turned upside down.
Cree Indian wisdom suggests, you cannot eat money[35].
Do you get it?
Joshua (Wopr): Shall we play a game?
David: Oh!
Jennifer: I think, I missed him.
David: Yeah. Weird isn't it? Love to. How about Global Thermonuclear War.
Joshua (Wopr): Wouldn't you prefer a nice game of chess?
David: Later. Right now let's play Global Thermonuclear War.
Joshua (Wopr): Fine. (Wargames)
Well, what was yesterday is now obsolete, it’s gettin‘ harder ‘n‘ harder to compete.[36]
Feeling a bit tired now? So you’re still using your brain. Okay.
The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have created a society that honours the servant and has forgotten the gift. (Albert Einstein)
How come, Mankind tends to remain in such maddening awe of his own inventions?
Admittedly, Kasparov lost against DeepBlue[37] and Lee succumbed to AlGo's[38] performance.
So what?!
In the meantime, even these former supercomputers are old hat. Today's high-performance computer gear[39] processes quadrillions of arithmetic operations per second. Nevertheless, commemorating of e.g. Babbage[40], Zuse[41] and von Neumann[42], the inventors of such machines are to be honoured only.
Basically, individuals like Kasparov and Lee are the true victors, so to speak, having withstood billions of tiny mathematicians just as, e.g. Newton[43] literally prevailed over Gravity and Einstein[44] triumphed against Time and Space.
In A Space Odyssey, Hal and Dave’s[45] duel still seems thrilling nowadays. However, Armstrong[46] couldn’t have landed the Eagle on the Moon, hadn’t he simply ignored the Apollo Guidance Computer‘s[47] error signals. Had there been a Hal aboard, Neil would’ve kicked his Artificial Ass for sure.
Wargames features David’s and Joshua‘s[48] chat on kicking off a Thermonuclear War. Despite dubbing the computer Joshua, David still considers Wopr a machine, though linked to another gadget, emulating a robotic voice for simulating a human being in the sense of a conversational partner.
What is more, neither Bueller[49] could've enjoyed a day off, nor Reverend Jim[50] would've ever passed the driving test or Columbo[51] might've solved criminal cases asking just one more thing with the support of an AI remotely at their side, for it wouldn't have been any fun and probably yielded anything but the desired accomplishment!
Hey guys, we want to have fun, don’t we, for life’s just too serious to be taken overly serious, right?!
Wouldn't you consider, e.g. Mathematics in terms of Calculus, Software Applications by means of Programming or any other Science to epitomise paramount examples of our human abilities, serving to understand the natural laws of (our being on) Earth alongside rendering support at destroying our Planet?!
Why should AI make any difference? Unless, it terminated Mankind.
Mathematical equations or formulae being set up, infinite loops being programmed, integrated circuits being manufactured, computers being built are all expressions of human ideas in terms of processing input for rendering results in a desired context. Nonetheless, hardware and software engineers exaggeratedly pleasing their AI-driven products represent nothing but proporters of a digital parent-puppet show to comfort children-like or childish users.
What is censed AI, is nothing but a a monumental programming assignment, i.e. a man-made computerised process of a desired set of rules to be followed in working out algorithmitised calculations on problem-solving operations, still remaining under the systemic supremacy of human software developers assuming the role of AI Guides.
Hence, inventors and innovators of such kind prefer playing down their position in public. Implicitly, these folks rather prove Societal System Commanders than mere manufacturers. Of course, they might need to find some humour in failure!
Contrary to the belief that computer systems are infallible, the fact is that computer systems can and do operate incorrectly. It is therefore not possible to consider the reliability of any computer-dependent system as guaranteed.
This holds true for all computer-dependent systems, but in a particularly critical way applies to systems whose faulty behaviour poses a great risk to the public. Increasingly, human life depends on the safety of such systems. These include air traffic control and high-speed ground transport systems, weapons guidance and defence systems, and healthcare and diagnostic systems.
While it is not possible to completely eliminate errors in computer-dependent systems, we believe it is possible to reduce the risks to the public to a reasonable level. To achieve this, system engineers need to pay greater attention to reliability issues and give them increased consideration. The public has the right to demand that systems are installed only when adequate steps have been taken to guarantee their reliability to a sufficient degree.
The issues and questions to be asked about reliability include the following: 1. What are the risks and consequences if the computer system behaves incorrectly? 2. What is a reasonable and realistic level of reliability to demand, and is this level of reliability achieved by the system? 3. What tools are used to determine and verify the level of reliability? 4. Are those who have determined the degree of reliability different from those who have verified it? 5. And are these, in turn, independent of those who have an economic or political interest in the system? (Association of Computer Machinery – ACM – Resolution)
Actually, Artificial Intelligence is an Oxymoron. Simply thinking in terms of opposites reveals its literal non-sense. Please make your choices – ever heard of (?) ...
Artificial Knowledge / Artificial Intuition ... Artificial Fact / Artificial Feeling ... Artificial Seriousness / Artificial Silliness ... Artificial Reason / Artificial Ridicule ... Artificial Belief / Artificial Disbelief ...
Artificial Care / Artificial Carelessness ... Artificial Agreement / Artificial Disagreement ... Artificial Solution / Artificial Dilution ... Artificial Curiosity / Artificial Apathy ... Artificial Emotion / Artificial Frigitity ... Artificial Belief / Artificial Atheism ... Artificial Responsibility / Artificial Irresponsibility ... Artificial Concern / Artificial Indifference ... Artificial Morality / Artificial Immorality ...
Artificial Aggression / Artificial Pacifism ... Artificial Obstruction / Artificial Submissiveness ... Artificial Faith / Artificial Despair ... Artificial Love / Artificial Hate ... Artificial Happiness / Artificial Sadness ... Artificial Euphoria / Artificial Depression ... Artificial Intelligence / Artificial Idiocy etc.?
Do you get it?
Those trumpeting I work in artificial intelligence prove morons among silly wanna-be-Godlike-creators.
If billions of individuals consulted AI or had a Hal ... Deep Blue ... Al Go at their side, drawing on a Panazee considered the epitome of global know-how, it would simply emulate a gigantic self-referential loop-like system, a societal Ouroboros unheard of.
In other words, AI, i.e. Oz[52] could remind one of Weizenbaum's[53] Eliza[54], for she was never as intelligent as her unique inventor.
Probably AI is just an odd abbreviation substituting for RiC - hey Rikki don’t lose your number[55] – , i.e. Running in Circles ... Ouroboros[56] says Hello!
Eliza: Hello!
ŌzTalk.jbd: I have 10n! followers.
Eliza: Why don’t you take an active ingredient against mosquitoes and horse flies?
ŌzTalk.jbd: Computing is kind of a mess.
Eliza: What’s that got to do with it?
ŌzTalk.jbd: Your computer doesn't know where you are.
Eliza: Pardon?
ŌzTalk.jbd: It doesn't know what you're doing.
Eliza: Could you stop chatting in riddles?! (Chatty Oddities 2525)
According to Swedish psychologist Liungman[57], human intelligence at its best merely serves to resolve as many problems as it creates (solutions to known problems). Why should AI possibly do a better job? However, human creativity is capable of dealing with the unknowns of mankind‘s being and future.
Has our evolution in terms of perception, cognition, recognition; response, responsiveness, responsibility, rapport; intelligence, ingenuity; arts and sciences; education; (self-)consciousness, conscientiousness; ethos and ethics, ever turned this planet into a better place?!
Not really.
Don’t you think?
Upon – perhaps everyone's – request, AI may surely serve to emulate a neat simulation[58] of a Brave New World soothing our senses deprived of reality or simply fed-up with it.
Has Earth seen a healthier, happier, wealthier and more peaceful world population; a more pristine kind of Nature and an even wilder Wild Kingdome[59]?
Apparently not!
Any objections? Who's under the impression, AI could(‘ve ever) change(d) that?!
Anyone, anyone?![60]
Just imagine a teacher asking, e.g. two students: Dear Hal, would you mind sharing an example of a Curve Sketching Rational Function with us? Dear Eliza, would you mind summarising Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence for us?
Accordingly, Hal might be responding Oops, an error's just occurred! Eliza might be echoing We're wanting to talk about you, Madam!
AI also features trivial examples of applications anticipating and disturbing the user's operations in lockstep. For example, while writing What the hell ...?, MS-Office 365 in liaison with Cortana or Alexa prove neither grammatically nor lexically or stylistically supportive, unsolicitedly inserting Highway to Hell was a song by AC/DC released in 1979.
It's also quite strange, witnessing companies argueing, virulent email traffic and an exponentially surging number of phone calls required ChatBots to improve customer relations.
Kicking off in the mid 1990s, Websites, Online Portals and Service Hotlines might've outnumbered the global quantity of sand grain by far. Originally, such modern platforms of E-Commerce, as much as Digital Fora for governmental, public and charitable services, social media and digitised telecommunication, were to spark the peoples' interest in products offered, services rendered and communities to be built.
Not surprisingly, these Digital Media have brought about a daily amassment of phone and email traffic in terms of enquiries, reminders, complaints and thank-you notes having proven beyond the providers' initial grasp and staff capacity.
In lockstep with supposedly more effective and efficient ways of dealing with each other, companies and customers have eventually grown apart from one another. Nowadays it seems, one just can't get a hold of anyone, either for resolving trivial matters or clarifying comprehensive issues, just like that.
Those, considering digitisation integral to serving human needs by means of Customer Relationship and Loyalty Management can't be serious at assuming, their digital protheses could substitute for the real thing, i.e. being at one's side.
Probably, one just needs to get used to Surrogates such as Automatic Call Distribution[61] (ACD), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)[62], Natural Language Processing[63] (NLP) and AI emulating audio-visual ChatBots[64] (AI/NLP).
Celebrities of all kinds also seem to attract vast communities of global followers, challenging them beyond their respective natural capacities of communicating with fans of theirs. Most of their posts and tweets suggest éminence grise Monsieur Bot le Bon Mot does the job all the time, accounting for their flatulent and stilted, digital doodle.
Who's ever thought of engaging ChatBots on WhatsApp in dealing with family members, friends and acquaintances 24/7/365?
Despite digital contributions to economising our living and profession, virtual products have increasingly accounted for significant frustrations of computer operability, performance and user comfort.
Just imagine, Oz twisting and wriggling one's personal effects in use, almost everyday. Moreover imagine, the same kind of an Oz emulating non-stop advertising messages alongside, while delegating invisible emissaries to one's home, knocking at the door several times a day over. Wouldn't such a behavioural phenomenology be reminiscent of stalking or should it simply hint at efforts serving popularity and social endearment?!
Obviously, that's the way our computerised intelligence, i.e. artificial blantancy and stupidity performs nowadays.
Since the human ability of continuous learning (adaptability) still surpasses those of machines, the cheaper way of adapting humans to machines is rather chosen than vice versa.
Operational cost accounting and the organisation of health care affirms of such a systemic approach, omitting consideration of adverse "social costs" (inclining absenteeism rate, escalating mental disorders, degenerating social relationships), i.e. "fall-out costs" coinciding with a company’s organisational and operational condition.
Such common "effects of rationalisation" are also known to the introduction of information technology and artificial intelligence, specifically, tacit requirements to "de-skilling" the majority of staff ("human rudiments"), monocultivation of communication and monotonisation of work, decaying "job contentment", digital taskwork sparking increased stress levels (coinciding psycho-social consequences). (Wilhelm Steinmuller, Automation of Intellectual Work)
Where has our sense of reality[65] gone?
If we perceive, e.g. cinema, TV, the Internet and Augmented Reality as an expression of Veritableness, eventually, we will not be able or willing to distinguish any other kind of comprehensive simulation from Reality.
Will we be trying to break out of AI some time in the future, like we were once tempted to escape the City[66]?!
What is Perry Rhodan about? No matter what, it boils down to one subject matter remaining at issue only: Knowledge is Power, Power is Technology, Technology is Perry Rhodan, epitomising a World of Man and Machine having established unison.
There is no struggle between Man and Machine, for they don't withstand eachother. Dystopia? No problem. The individual's fear of a numb but superior technology; the individual's revolt against an abstracted community called Society; the individual asserting oneself against an anonymous, amorphous singularity of state authority representing the public, embodying the social equivalent to the machine, obviate the intimacy of Love (Orwell) and the last resort of Death (Huxley).
For in Rhodan's cosmos there is neither ego nor subject, capable of feeling terrified according to the fundamentals of psychology. On the contrary, he impersonates the role model of a human being having become a rudimentary part, a Homo Minusculus of a ubiquitous technical apparatus.
What kinds of know-how and power are subject to the hero's mission? Rhodan is neither sovereign nor servant of technology. He is a descendant among other descendants, a functionary among countless other functionaries, having inherited and administered the legacy of technological superiorty.
Eventually, applying abstract knowledge prompts kind of digital purification techniques corresponding to transposing and transforming human beings into abstracta to be known, stored, kept available and managed as information.
Such technomorphoses expropriate the original human being of self-determination, incorporating the individual's personal data into somewhat of a Cocoon – a cluster of digital sociation – being on sale, remaining at everyone's disposal. (W. Brockjan, The Orwellian Decade and the Future of Science: Despotism‘s Wishful Thinking – Notes on the Political Reality of Science Fiction – Perry Rhodan, a case in point)
Nonetheless, everyone's doin' AI or workin‘ in AI nowadays, right?! Just holding a Smartphone in the numb palm of one’s puffed up hand makes it happen, right?
Apparently, commoners as much as professionals and especially creative artists of all kinds increasingly enjoy employing AI, i.e. letting Text to Voice[67]/Voice to Text[68] applications, ChatGPT[69] and other sorts of digital Content Generators[70], Paraphrasing Tools[71] and Audio-Visual AI-driven Gadgets like Auto-Tune[72], Pro Tools[73], Melodyne[74], Photo Creators[75], Video Emulators[76] etc. do the(ir) work.
Who could distinguish original work from plagiats nowadays? Who would want to care?
Why use one's brain in times of conflict of interest bearing on work-life-balance by means of overtime, time pressures on the one hand and lack of leisure on the other, right?
AI renders profuse prayers, love letters, expressions of condolences; jingles, songs, lyrics; crack jokes, witty anecdotes, speeches; magazines, books, school books, encyclopaedias; blogs, essays, short stories, novels; emails, letters, presentations, product proposals; corporate guidelines, compliance policies, contracts; standard operating procedures, good manufacturing practice guidelines; lectures, dissertations, (doctoral) theses; legal papers, laws; indictments, pleadings, court decisions.
Off the record, probably Zelensky and Putin ought to consider sharing their Peace Talks on ChatGPT.
Come on folks (!), let’s get smart[77] again and pay attention to the people behind the curtain!
Just one more thing – don't you love the universal[78] beauty of (your) imperfection and asymmetry[79] too?!
By the way, Superman[80], where are you?!
Appendix on Artifical Intelligence (AI) Commonly in Use
Academic Authenticity[81] – Acting[82] – Arts[83] – Big Data[84] – Corporate Decision Making and Taking[85] – Crime[86] – Education[87] – Film[88] – Financial Trading[89] – Gaming[90] – History[91] – Human Relations[92] – Justice[93] – Law[94] – Music[95] – News[96] – Politics[97] – Pseudoscience[98] – Reality[99] – Science[100] – Society[101] – Warfare[102]
Appendix on Digital Media (DM) and Social Engineering (SE) in Use
Media[103] – Priming[104] – Framing[105] – Confidence Swindling[106] –– Experience Economy[107] – Market Intelligence[108] – Surveillance Capitalism and Democracy[109] – Credit Score Dating[110] –– Employee Scoring[111] – Employment Experience[112] – Employee Scheduling[113] – Behavioural Scoring[114] – Socio Badges[115] – Online Interaction[116]
Appendix on Sciences related to Societal Phenomenology in terms of Order and Disorder
Social Network[117] – Self-Reference[118] – Synchronisation[119] – Chaos Theory[120] – Bifurcation[121]
Appendix on the Origins of Global Financial and Economic Crises (2007 – 2010)
AI in Financial Trading[122] – Financial Stability[123] – Systemic Risk[124] – Rating Agencies[125] – Money as Debt[126] – Debt Equity Swap[127] – Global (Mutual) Indebtment[128] – Shadow Banking[129] ––– Ethically Disputed Business Practices[130] of Creative Finance: Off-Balance-Sheet Financing[131] – Off-Balance-Sheet Entities[132] – Single Purpose Vehicle[133] – Third-Party Technique[134] – Private Public Partnerships[135] – Articles Of Incorporation[136] – Asset-Backed-Securities[137] – Bearer Security[138] – Collateral[139] – Defeasance[140] (related: Off-Balance[141]) – Equipment Certificate Trust[142] – Exchange Of Assets[143] (related: Nine Men's Morris[144]) – Financial Leverage[145] (related: Gearing[146]) – Golden Parachute[147] – Interval Measures[148] – Leveraged Buy-Out[149] – Leveraged Lease[150] – Macrs (Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System)[151] – Monte Carlo Simulation[152] – Novation[153] (related: Legal Defeasance[154], Off-Balance[155]) – Prepack[156] (Prepackaged Bankruptcy) – Registrar[157] (related: Freddie Mac[158], Fannie Mae[159], Subprime Mortgage Crisis[160], European Debt Crisis[161], Global Financial Crisis[162], Global Economic Crisis[163]) – Securitization[164] (related: Multiple Credit Formation[165]) [related: Asset-Backed-Securities, Collateral, Defeasance, Exchange Of Assets, Financial Leverage (Gearing), Leveraged Buy-Out, Leveraged Lease, Novation (Legal Defeasance), Prepack (Prepackaged Bankruptcy)] – Workout[166] (Workout Agreement)
Frame of Reference
[1] Master Of Puppets (Remastered) - YouTube
[2] Where No Man Has Gone Before (Part 1) Star Trek The Original Series TOS - YouTube
[3] Listen! Cream - White Room - Lyrics - YouTube
[4] Neil Postman, Technopoly - The Surrender of Culture to Technology; College Lecture Series - Neil Postman - "The Surrender of Culture to Technology" - YouTube ––– Transcendent Man 2009 - YouTube
[5] Related: The Philosophy Of Civilization And Ethics : Albert Schweitzer : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive ––– Civilization and Ethics : Albert Schweitzer, John Nash : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive ––– Albert Schweitzer, The decay and the restoration of civilization .. (archive.org)
[6] Related: On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy (vnbrims.org)
[7] Subprime mortgage crisis (2007-2010) (Wikiped)
[8] European debt crisis (Wikiped)
[9] Global financial crisis in 2009 (Wikiped)
[10] Great Recession (2007-2009) (Wikiped)
[11] Butterfly effect (Wikiped) ––– related: Chaos theory (Wikiped) ––– listen! Crazy Town - Butterfly (Official Video) - YouTube
[12] Gold Bug Defined (investopedia.com)
[13] Home | S&P Global Ratings (spglobal.com)
[14] Moody's - credit ratings, research, and data for global capital markets (moodys.com)
[15] Fitch Ratings: Credit Ratings & Analysis For Financial Markets
[16] 2000s United States housing bubble (Wikiped)
[17] Related: Junk bonds’ crunch is nothing like the 2008 housing meltdown - MarketWatch
[18] German, French banks held $38 bln in Greek bonds - News | Khaleej Times
[19] Goldman helped Greece cook books - VoxEurop ––– Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt - DER SPIEGEL
[20] Estimation of the size of tax evasion in Greece (researchgate.net): The purpose of this paper is to estimate the extent of tax evasion in Greece for the period 1980-2018. For this estimation we have chosen to apply an indirect method of approach to the issue, as developed by Tanzi, based on the assumption that estimating the size of the shadow economy can lead us to a safe measurement of the extent of tax evasion. More precisely, through the Currency Demand approach which is based on the basic assumption that activities under the shadow economy constitute a direct response of taxpayers to the increased tax burden and also that cash is mainly used to conduct such transactions and of the wealth derived from them, the size of the shadow economy was determined using the method of the University of Leicester research team and then the level of tax evasion was assessed by imposing an annual tax rate on it as a ratio of total tax revenue to Gross Domestic Product. The results showed a significant increase of the size of tax evasion during the period considered, while the model estimation showed that most of the tax evasion came from direct taxation. ––– Tax shortfalls in Greece. Country Focus 5/2008 (europa.eu)
[21] General Motors and the Subprime Crisis (managementstudyguide.com) ––– GMAC Made Risky Subprime Mortgage Loans : NPR ––– Rejected by Courts, Retirees Take Last Shot to Save Pensions (usnews.com): When General Motors went through the biggest industrial bankruptcy proceedings in history, 20,000 retirees from GM's Delphi Corp. subsidiary saw their retirement savings slashed. Dave Muffley poses outside one of the Delphi Corporation plants in Kokomo, Ind., Monday, July 11, 2022. As General Motors Corp. underwent the biggest industrial bankruptcy proceedings in history, and the federal government negotiated a company restructuring, Muffley's healthy retirement savings would be slashed by 70 percent, and his life's trajectory would take a dramatic spiral downward.
[22] Corruption in Greece (Wikiped) ––– FACTBOX-Scandals plaguing Greece's conservative government | Reuters ––– Bribery scandal puts strain on Greek leader - Europe - International Herald Tribune - The New York Times (nytimes.com) ––– Greece-OECD project: Technical support on anti-corruption - OECD
[23] Was software responsible for the financial crisis? | Technology | The Guardian ––– The Algorithm for the Development of Global Financial Crises (internationalscholarsjournals.com) ––– Algorithms and Rhetorical Inquiry: The Case of the 2008 Financial Collapse | Mitch Reyes - Academia.edu
[24] John von Neumann, Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata (mit.edu) ––– John von Neumann, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC ––– John von Neumann, The General and Logical Theory of Automata ––– related: Fibonacci sequence (Wikiped) ––– related: Self-reference effect (Wikiped) – Eternal return (Wikiped) – Ouroboros (Wikiped)
[25] By analogy: Autocatalysis (Wikiped): A set of chemical reactions can be said to be "collectively autocatalytic" if a number of those reactions produce, as reaction products, catalysts for enough of the other reactions that the entire set of chemical reactions is self-sustaining given an input of energy and food molecules (see autocatalytic set). – The second law of thermodynamics states that the disorder (entropy) of a physical or chemical system and its surroundings (a closed system) must increase with time. Systems left to themselves become increasingly random, and orderly energy of a system like uniform motion degrades eventually to the random motion of particles in a heat bath. ––– related: When is order disorder? (uu.edu) The Butterfly Effect (ens-lyon.fr) ––– related: John Nash, Non-Cooperative Games (upc.edu) – John Nash, Equilibrium Theory (uchicago.edu) – The Work of John Nash in Game Theory (nobelprize.org) ––– related: Steven Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos (biodyn.ro) – Steven Strogatz, Oscillators that sync and swarm (squarespace.com) – Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order — Steven Strogatz – Steven Strogatz: The science of sync | TED Talk ––– listen! the police synchronicity 1 - YouTube – the police synchronicity 2 - YouTube
[26] Predicting collapse of adaptive networked systems without knowing the network | Scientific Reports (nature.com) ––– Ricardo Hausmann - The Collapse of Economies - YouTube ––– related: Gödel's incompleteness theorems (Wikiped) ––– related: Poincaré recurrence theorem (Wikiped)
[27] The New Realities : Drucker, Peter F : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive: The American experience and its lessons: The first lesson of the American experience is that the raw material economy and the industrial economy have become uncoupled. For the developed non-communist countries the raw material economy has become marginal. (..) By 1989 the raw material economy world-wide had been in its most serious and most prolonged depression ever for almost a decade. Yet the industrial economies were booming. Equally important: the economy is steadily becoming less material-intensive. … The newest energy’ of all – information – has no raw material or energy content a all. It is totally knowledge-intensive’. Manufacturing is increasingly becoming uncoupled from labour. (..) Where none of the traditional factors of production’ – land, labour and money – determines competitiveness or competitve advantage any longer, trade is increasingly being replaced by investment as the world economy’ s economic driver. Investment used to follow trade. Now trade follows investment. ––– related: Global Map of Material Flows in Total (viewsoftheworld.net) ––– Global Map of Material Flows in Total (viewsoftheworld.net) ––– Worldmapper | rediscover the world as you've never seen it before ––– GDP per person World map | SIMCenter (wrsc.org)
[31] Related: Grammar (Wikiped) – Sentence (linguistics) (Wikiped) – Syntactic Structures (Wikiped) – Vocabulary (Wikiped) – Ambiguity (Wikiped) – Vagueness (Wikiped) – Semantics (Wikiped) – Supervaluationism (Wikiped) ––– Information theory (Wikiped) – Fuzzy logic (Wikiped) ––– Linguistics (Wikiped) – Neurolinguistics (Wikiped) – Psycholinguistics (Wikiped) ––– Noam Chomsky - Syntactic Structures (tallinzen.net) ––– Peter Chen, Entity Relationhip Model (dragon1.com) – Peter Chen, Entity-Relationship Modeling: Historical Events, Future Trends, and Lessons Learned (lsu.edu) ––– Parsing (tohoku.ac.jp) ––– Sentence Patterns (towson.edu)
[32] Bretton Woods Agreement and the Institutions It Created Explained (investopedia.com) ––– About the IMF: History: The end of the Bretton Woods System (1972–81)
[33] Noam Chomsky - Syntactic Structures (tallinzen.net) ––– Peter Chen, Entity Relationhip Model (dragon1.com) – Peter Chen, Entity-Relationship Modeling: Historical Events, Future Trends, and Lessons Learned (lsu.edu) ––– Parsing (tohoku.ac.jp) ––– Sentence Patterns (towson.edu)
[34] Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System ––– related: Fed warns of 'economic ruin' when governments print money to pay off debt (cnbc.com) – How ‘Spoofing’ Traders Dupe Markets - WSJ – 10 Tips To Avoid Common Financial Scams (investopedia.com) – Money creation, bank profits, and central bank digital currency | VOX, CEPR Policy Portal (voxeu.org) – Money Creation in Fiat and Digital Currency Systems (imf.org) – Money Creation in Fiat and Digital Currency Systems (researchgate.net) – Digital Cash: Why central banks should issue digital currency (positivemoney.org) – Banks do not create money out of thin air | VOX, CEPR Policy Portal (voxeu.org) ––– listen! Dee D. Jackson - Automatic Lover (1978) - YouTube
[35] When the Last Tree Is Cut Down, the Last Fish Eaten, and the Last Stream Poisoned, You Will Realize That You Cannot Eat Money – Quote Investigator
[36] Listen! The Untouchables, Lasershow - YouTube
[37] The Chess Match That Changed Our Minds About AI (gizmodo.com)
[38] AI's Victories in Go Inspire Better Human Game Playing - Scientific American
[39] These are the world’s top 10 fastest supercomputers | World Economic Forum (weforum.org) ––– World’s Top 5 Fastest Supercomputers Shaping the Future (analyticsinsight.net)
[40] Analytical Engine | Description & Facts | Britannica
[42] John von Neumann, Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata (mit.edu) ––– John von Neumann, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC ––– John von Neumann, The General and Logical Theory of Automata
[43] Gravitational Theory: Newton, Einstein & The Next Wave | AMNH
[44] Einstein’s general relativity theory is questioned but still stands ‘for now,’ team reports | UCLA ––– Einstein's theory of general relativity | Space
[45] 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - I'm Sorry, Dave Scene (3/6) | Movieclips - YouTube
[46] July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind | NASA ––– 1969 Moon Landing - Date, Facts, Video (history.com) ––– The Moon Landing (nationalgeographic.com)
[47] Apollo 11 Mission Overview | NASA: Partially piloted manually by Armstrong, the Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility in Site 2 at 0 degrees, 41 minutes, 15 seconds north latitude and 23 degrees, 26 minutes east longitude.
[48] WarGames (3/11) Movie CLIP - Shall We Play a Game? (1983) HD - YouTube
[49] Bueller's Keyboard - YouTube
[50] Taxi - Reverend Jim's Driving Test - YouTube
[51] "Oh, just one more thing" - Columbo - YouTube
[52] The Wizard of Oz, Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain. - YouTube
[53] Joseph Weizenbaum, The Impact of Computers on Society (gatech.edu)
[54] Eliza (med-ai.com) ––– related: Chatbots’ Greetings to Human-Computer Communication (ceur-ws.org)
[55] Listen! Rikki Don't Lose That Number (1974) by Steely Dan - YouTube
[56] Self-reference effect (Wikiped) – Eternal return (Wikiped) – Ouroboros (Wikiped)
[57] Related: Carl G. Liungman, Dictionary of Symbols (www.aids-3d.com)
[58] Daniel Galouye - Simulacron-3 (freeshell.org) ––– R. W. Fassbinder, World on a Wire (1973) | The Criterion Collection ––– The Thirteenth Floor (1999) - FilmAffinity ––– WarnerBros.com | The Matrix | Movies ––– related: Transcendent Man 2009 - YouTube ––– neuralink.com ––– Brain Chips Like Elon Musk's Neuralink Can Change Your Personality (businessinsider.com) ––– Neuralink: Story of Elon Musk's Brain-Microchip Company (businessinsider.com) ––– Musk says brain chip to begin human trials soon – and plans to get one himself | Elon Musk | The Guardian ––– The Science Behind Elon Musk’s Neuralink Brain Chip | WIRED - YouTube ––– U.S. regulators rejected Elon Musk’s bid to test brain chips in humans (reuters.com)
[59] Serengeti Shall Not Die (Wikiped) – 1960 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ––– Mutual Of Omaha's Wild Kingdom (1964) with Marlin Perkins | Valley Of Eagles | Full Entire Episode - YouTube ––– Tribute to George and Joy Adamson, Elsa the Lioness and Born Free! - YouTube – Elsa Born Free - YouTube ––– Daktari (Intro) S1 (1966) - YouTube
[60] "Anyone, anyone" teacher from Ferris Bueller's Day Off - YouTube
[61] What is Automatic Call Distribution or ACD? | RingCentral
[62] Artificial intelligence: AI vs ML vs NLP | Sonix
[63] What is Natural Language Processing? | IBM
[64] What is a chatbot? | IBM ––– Introducing ChatGPT (openai.com)
[65] Related: Siegfried Kracauer, Theory of film : the redemption of physical reality (hhu.de)
[66] Listen! Claus Ogerman - Cityscape - YouTube
[67] Free Text to Speech Online with Realistic AI Voices (naturalreaders.com)
[68] Top 5 Online Speech To Text Converter For Free 2023 (imyfone.com)
[69] Introducing ChatGPT (openai.com)
[70] Content Management Software - Review Leading Systems (capterra.com) ––– Jasper - Try For Free
[71] Wordtune | Your personal writing assistant & editor ––– Paraphrasing Tool - QuillBot AI
[72] Auto-Tune - The Best Vocal Plug-Ins Available (antarestech.com)
[73] Pro Tools - Musiksoftware - Avid
[74] Celemony | What can Melodyne do?
[75] 13 Best AI Image Generators You Can Try in 2023 (fotor.com)
[76] 8 "Best" AI Video Generators (April 2023) - Unite.AI
[77] The Best of Get Smart (Season One) 1965 - 1966 - YouTube
[78] Antique map of the Mandelbrot set | Boing Boing ––– Can A Mathematical Equation Explain Creation? | by Erik Brown | Lessons from History | Medium
[79] Forget about perfect: There's beauty in asymmetry – Chicago Tribune ––– The Beauty of Asymmetry - Component (biamp.com) ––– Asymmetry and human facial attractiveness: symmetry may not always be beautiful - PubMed (nih.gov)
[80] Superman (1978) - Turning Back Time Scene (10/10) | Movieclips - YouTube
[81] ChatGPT: Cardiff students admit using AI on essays - BBC News ––– Students are using ChatGPT to do their homework. Should schools ban AI tools, or embrace them? | Euronews ––– AI: Plagiarism - Artificial Intelligence: ChatGPT and Beyond - LibGuides at Hillsborough Community College (hccfl.edu) ––– AI makes plagiarism harder to detect, argue academics – in paper written by chatbot | Chatbots | The Guardian ––– Cheating after ChatGPT – will AI destroy academic integrity? - CapX ––– ChatGPT Is Making Universities Rethink Plagiarism | WIRED ––– Alarmed by A.I. Chatbots, Universities Start Revamping How They Teach - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
[82] How AI Could Change Acting Forever (thewrap.com) ––– AI voice acting, trained by actual voice actors, is on the rise - Rest of World
[83] FE News | The New Relationship Between AI and Human Creativity
[84] Cathy O'Neil | Weapons of Math Destruction - YouTube, Weapons of Math Destruction | Cathy O'Neil | Talks at Google - YouTube ––– The era of blind faith in big data must end | Cathy O'Neil - YouTube ––– Algorithms Are Taking Over The World: Christopher Steiner at TEDxOrangeCoast - YouTube ––– Safiya Noble | Challenging the Algorithms of Oppression - YouTube
[85] SAP-Digital-Boardroom-Implementation (sapanalytics.cloud)
[86] The AI Crime Wave: Police Warn of ChatGPT and Other AIs' Dark Side - Gizmochina ––– Lawyers face enhanced risk in "grim" AI-fuelled crime outlook - Legal Futures
[87] AI in Education Market is forecast to reach USD 53.68 Bn by 2032 (enterpriseappstoday.com) ––– AI Revolution: Rethinking Exams and Embracing the Future of Education - Innovation Origins ––– Generative AI: Education In The Age Of Innovation (forbes.com) ––– New ISBN Publication - Artificial Intelligence and Education - Education (coe.int) ––– What Is the Future of AI in Education, According to the Write Essay Professionals? - FAULT Magazine (fault-magazine.com)
[88] Future Films: Written and Directed by…AI? | Mind Matters
[89] Electronic trading platform (Wikiped) ––– Was software responsible for the financial crisis? | Technology | The Guardian ––– Can Algorithms Help Predict the Next Financial Crisis? (upenn.edu) ––– Spoofing (finance) (Wikiped) ––– Mirror trading (Wikiped) ––– Social trading (Wikiped) ––– Copy trading (Wikiped) ––– Bloomberg Unveils a GPT Finance-Focused AI Model (infoq.com)
[90] How ChatGPT AI makes video games - Polygon
[91] The slippery slope of using AI and deepfakes to bring history to life (theconversation.com) ––– Artificial Intelligence Will Make Forging Anything Entirely Too Easy | WIRED
[92] Pivot88 Discusses How AI Builds Human Relationships – Sourcing Journal ––– Sex, love and companionship ... with AI? Why human-machine relationships could go mainstream (theconversation.com) ––– What is artificial intelligence doing to human relationships? - Marketplace ––– Why People Are Confessing Their Love For AI Chatbots | Time ––– You’ve got to have heart: Computer scientist works to help AI comprehend human emotions - Purdue University News ––– Forging genuine customer experiences through AI - TechNative
[93] Algorithms and Justice (Chris Bavitz) - YouTube ––– A mathematician reveals how algorithms make the justice system worse (businessinsider.com) ––– Artificial intelligence algorithms in the criminal justice system (cnbc.com) ––– The danger of predictive algorithms in criminal justice | Hany Farid | TEDxAmoskeagMillyard - YouTube ––– Predictive policing (Wikiped) ––– Stop-and-frisk in New York City (Wikiped) ––– Racial profiling (Wikiped) ––– CompStat (Wikiped) ––– Punchlab - Under the Hood ––– PredPol – The Predictive Policing Company ––– AI predicts crime a week in advance with 90 per cent accuracy | New Scientist ––– How AI is transforming financial crime detection - FinTech Global ––– EU rights watchdog warns of bias in AI-based detection of crime, hate-speech | Reuters ––– The big idea: should robots take over fighting crime? | Books | The Guardian ––– "I can build this - but should I?" Welcome to the AI crime prediction debate (diginomica.com) ––– A.I., Brain Scans and Cameras: The Spread of Police Surveillance Tech - The New York Times (nytimes.com) ––– How AI became 'the autocrat’s new toolkit' [BOOK EXCERPT] - Breaking Defense ––– Know It All: AI And Police Surveillance : 1A : NPR ––– The Global Struggle Over AI Surveillance: Emerging Trends and Democratic Responses (ned.org) ––– Betacom intros AI surveillance system for private 5G in Industry 4.0 venues (rcrwireless.com) ––– Inside Safe City, Moscow’s AI Surveillance Dystopia | WIRED ––– New AI Surveillance Camera Tech Knows Who Your Friends Are | PetaPixel
[94] A.I. Is Doing Legal Work. But It Won’t Replace Lawyers, Yet. - The New York Times (nytimes.com) ––– Automated And Agile: The New Paradigm For Legal Service (forbes.com) ––– Biglaw Automation: Whose Job Goes First? - Above the Law ––– Over 100,000 Legal Roles to be Automated | Financial Times (ft.com) ––– Lawyers could be replaced by artificial intelligence (cnbc.com) ––– Biglaw Automation: Whose Job Goes First? - Above the Law ––– Over 100,000 Legal Roles to be Automated | Financial Times (ft.com) ––– Lawyers could be replaced by artificial intelligence (cnbc.com) ––– A.I. Is Coming for Lawyers, Again - The New York Times (nytimes.com) ––– How AI will revolutionize the practice of law (brookings.edu) ––– Lawtech entrepreneur offers to pay $1M for using AI in court | Cybernews ––– A Judge Just Used ChatGPT to Make a Court Decision (vice.com) ––– US court uses ChatGPT to deliver ruling | Mint (livemint.com) ––– Chinese courts allow AI to make rulings, charge people and carry out punishments (dailymail.co.uk) ––– Colombian judge says he used ChatGPT in ruling | ChatGPT | The Guardian
[95] Generative AI in Music Market | GANs segment has accounting for the largest global revenue of 41% in 2022. - EIN Presswire (einnews.com) ––– The Rise of AI-Generated Music: A Challenge to Human Creativity - Electronic Groove
[96] Guy Launches News Site That’s Completely Generated by AI (futurism.com) ––– 30 Best Bots for Marketers in 2023 (hubspot.com) ––– Headline Generator (title-generator.com) ––– Headline Generator (plot-generator.org.uk) ––– Plot Generator - Infinite story ideas based on your input - Aardgo (plot-generator.org.uk)
[97] Be very scared of AI + social media in politics - GZERO Media
[98] Filtering science from pseudoscience | Deccan Herald ––– List of Topics Characterized as Pseudoscience | Encyclopedia MDPI ––– What is pseudoscience? | Definition from TechTarget ––– R. Paul Wilson On: The Dangerous Rise Of Pseudoscience (casino.org) ––– Why the simulation hypothesis is pseudoscience - Big Think ––– AI Models, a Pseudoscience-Based Myth? | NewsClick ––– UK watchdog warns against AI for emotional analysis, dubs 'immature' biometrics a bias risk | TechCrunch ––– ‘Molding science to fit ideology’: 5 ways the Nazis leveraged pseudoscience to support fascism - Genetic Literacy Project ––– Emotion AI: A possible path to thought policing | VentureBeat ––– Emotion AI Analyzes Facial Expressions To Guess Future Attitudes - Dataconomy ––– AI that promotes objectivity in recruitment is ‘pseudoscience’, study finds (siliconrepublic.com) ––– Cambridge: AI recruitment tools “automated pseudoscience” (cosmosmagazine.com) ––– Meta Trained an AI on 48M Science Papers. It Was Shut Down After 2 Days - CNET
[99] Lyra: Slim Smart Glasses Aim to Combine Augmented Reality and AI (mixed-news.com)
[100] What ChatGPT and generative AI mean for science (nature.com) ––– How Will We Prevent AI-Based Forgery? (hbr.org)
[101] When Computers Became Dangerous, The Swedish Computer Discourse of the 1960s (Vulnerable Society): During the 1960s, Swedish society underwent a rapid and revolutionary computerisation process. Having been viewed as a harmless tool in the service of the engineering sciences during the first part of the decade, the computer became, during the second part, a symbol of the large-scale technology society and its downsides. When the controversy reached its peak in 1970, it was the threats to privacy that above all came into focus. This debate resulted in the adoption of the world’s first data act in the early 1970s. This paper will study and analyse the Swedish computer discourse during the 1960s, with special focus on the establishment of the Data Act. The core issues are what factors of development and what main figures were instrumental to the changing approach to computer technology during the later part of the decade. ––– Computer unreliability and social vulnerability - ScienceDirect: Many have argued that industrial societies are becoming more technology-dependent and are thus more vulnerable to technology failures. Despite the pervasiveness of computer technology, little is known about computer failures, except perhaps that they are all too common. This article analyses the sources of computer unreliability and reviews the extent and cost of unreliable computers. Unlike previous writers, the authors argue that digital computers are inherently unreliable for two reasons: first, they are prone to total rather than partial failure; and second, their enormous complexity means that they can never be thoroughly tested before use. The authors then describe various institutional attempts to improve reliability and possible solutions proposed by computer scientists, but they conclude that as yet none is adequate. Accordingly, they recommend that computers should not be used in life-critical applications. ––– Human choice and computers : proceedings of the IFIP Conference on Human Choice and Computers, Vienna, April 1-5, 1974 (Book 1975) [WorldCat.org] ––– Human choice and computers, an ever more intimate relationship ––– ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL VULNERABILITY (diva-portal.org): Climate change will cause long term effects on ecosystems and human systems. Different systems are however not equally susceptible to and have different possibilities of coping with these effects. A system’s vulnerability refers to the degree to which the system can cope with changes and whether it is susceptible to it or not (Parry 2007). Vulnerability therefore depends on the exposure to climate change (the character, magnitude or rate of change or effect), the sensitivity and the adaptive capacity of the system. Still, all components and people in the system will not be affected equally and will have different vulnerabilities. (..) A total of ten scientific articles were chosen as a basis for this summery, both from the natural hazards field and the field of climate change research. The articles were chosen to show a broad range of approaches to study and view social vulnerability, be suitable and useful for a Swedish setting and also to be relevant in relation to the goals of the project in which the study was made. One article (Füssel 2007) serves to give a general orientation in the field and a meta-analytical perspective, while the other texts provide examples of recent frameworks developed for assessing vulnerability (Cutter et al. 2003, Cutter et al. 2008, Wilhelmi and Hayden 2010, Holand et al. 2011, Reid et al. 2009), whereas some texts discuss the use of social indicators (King and MacGregor 2000), seek to contextualize social vulnerability (Kuhlicke et al. 2011) or review recent finding on certain climate related risks (Oudin Åström et al. 2011, Rocklöv et al. 2011). In addition to the scientific literature in the field, Swedish tools designed by the research programme CLIMATOOLS for the specific purpose of assessing vulnerability have been included. ––– Wilhelm Steinmuller, Legal problems of computer networks: A methodological survey - ScienceDirect ––– IFIP Congress (1977-1989) - Rationalisation and Modellification; Complementary Implications of Information Technologies · OA.mg
[102] AI Weapons Will Cause Artificial Arms Race Between US and China - Bloomberg ––– Air Force Bugbot Nano Drone Technology - ASM International | ASM International
[103] Media (communication) (Wikiped)
[104] psychological priming - YouTube
[105] The Framing Theory - YouTube ––– Framing (social sciences) (Wikiped)
[106] Sociological Analysis of Confidence Swindling (northwestern.edu)
[107] The Experience Economy (Wikiped) ––– Qualtrics (Wikiped) ––– Engagement marketing (Wikiped)
[108] Trusted Connections at the Moments that Matter the Most | Neustar (home.neustar)
[109] Shoshana Zuboff, Surveillance Capitalism and the Challenge of Collective Action (oru.se) ––– In a nutshell: Shoshana Zuboff: Shoshana Zuboff: Surveillance Capitalism and Democracy - YouTube
[110] Credit Score Dating | Where Good Credit is Sexy!
[111] Can Your Resume Beat The Bots? How to Make It ATS-friendly | Glassdoor ––– Screening candidates - Automated application screening - Whaii ––– HRMS | Kronos
[112] Employee experience management (Wikiped) ––– Internal communications (Wikiped)
[113] Scheduling software (Wikiped) ––– The effects of 'clopening' on employees: What employers can do | HR Dive
[114] Big Five personality traits (Wikiped)
[115] Sociometric Badges - Information (mit.edu) ––– We Spent Two Weeks Wearing Employee Trackers: Here’s What We Learned (fastcompany.com)
[116] Cataphora Launches Digital Mirror Software to Reflect Users’ Online Interactions | Benzinga ––– Cataphora - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
[117] Social Network Diagram (segment).svg (Wikiped)
[118] Self-reference (Wikiped) ––– Diagonal lemma (Wikiped) ––– Recurrence (Wikiped) ––– Eternal return (Wikiped) ––– Ouroboros (Wikiped)
[119] Synchronization (Wikiped) ––– related: Mechanical resonance (Wikiped) ––– BBC The Trap "What Happened to Our Dreams of Freedom" 1 of 3 - YouTube, BBC The Trap "What Happened to Our Dreams of Freedom" 2 of 3 - YouTube, BBC The Trap What Happened to Our Dreams of Freedom 3 of 3 - YouTube ––– Dead Poets Society - The point of conformity... - YouTube ––– The Psychology of Obedience and The Virtue of Disobedience - YouTube ––– Herding (Wikiped)
[120] Chaos theory (Wikiped) ––– Butterfly effect (Wikiped)
[121] Bifurcation theory (Wikiped)
[122] Electronic trading platform (Wikiped) ––– Was software responsible for the financial crisis? | Technology | The Guardian ––– Can Algorithms Help Predict the Next Financial Crisis? (upenn.edu) ––– Spoofing (finance) (Wikiped) ––– Mirror trading (Wikiped) ––– Social trading (Wikiped) ––– Copy trading (Wikiped)
[123] Ken Rogoff - Debts, Deficits and Global Financial Stability - YouTube
[124] Systemic Risk Contributions: A Credit Portfolio Approach (bis.org) ––– McKinsey Global Institute, Debt and Deleveraging. The global credit bubble and its economic consequences (mckinsey.com) ––– The Economist, Financial risk got ahead of the world’s ability to manage it. (economist.com) ––– Number-crunchers crunched | The Economist
[125] EU Commisson, Frequently asked questions: legislative proposal on credit rating agencies (CRAs) ––– Debasement of Ratings (columbia.edu): What is the evidence that rating agencies have been performing badly in measuring credit risk on the debts that they rate? The evidence relates to two separate phenomena: inflated ratings and low-quality ratings. The inflation of ratings is defined as the purposeful over-rating (under-estimation of default risk) on rated debts. Low-quality ratings, defined as ratings based on flawed measures of underlying risk, are a related but logically distinct phenomenon. The recent collapse of subprime-related securitizations revealed both problems in the extreme, but these problems have been present in securitized debt instruments for decades. ––– The Failures of Credit Rating Agencies during the Global Financial Crisis - Causes and Possible Solutions (researchgate.net): The adequacy of credit ratings is crucial for normal functioning of debt markets. Failures of credit rating agencies have strengthened the negative effects of global financial crisis, generating additional systemic risk. The errors of the agencies can be explained by many reasons as business models, conflicts of interest and absent or ineffective regulation of their activities. To overcome these major problems, we can apply different approaches. The best solution is to improve regulatory practices, combining it with limiting the regulatory status of rating agencies. ––– The Credit Ratings Game - BOLTON - 2012 - The Journal of Finance - Wiley Online Library: The collapse of AAA-rated structured finance products in 2007 to 2008 has brought renewed attention to conflicts of interest in credit rating agencies (CRAs). We model competition among CRAs with three sources of conflicts: (1) CRAs conflict of understating risk to attract business, (2) issuers' ability to purchase only the most favorable ratings, and (3) the trusting nature of some investor clienteles. These conflicts create two distortions. First, competition can reduce efficiency, as it facilitates ratings shopping. Second, ratings are more likely to be inflated during booms and when investors are more trusting. We also discuss efficiency-enhancing regulatory interventions. ––– Credit Rating Agencies: How to Restore Credibility (tavakolistructuredfinance.com): Ostensibly the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) qualifies the NRSRO designation. The SEC’s series of failures to check the creation and sale of hundreds of billions of dollars of blatantly misrated securitizations leading up to the financial crisis are beyond the scope of this report. It’s worth noting, however, that if the Food and Drug Administration failed to check the sale of tainted meat that repeatedly sickened a large segment of the population, we would demand a top to bottom overhaul of the organization and its methods. ––– FT, More Wrongdoing At Banks, More Swingeing Fines, No Prosecutions, May 23, 2015: THE scene was familiar: regulators meting out vast penalties to banks, scathing statements about gross misconduct, yet no individuals charged with any crimes and some confusion as to what exactly the banks were admitting to and what effect that would have. On May 20th a consortium of American and British government agencies announced settlements with six international banks regarding claims that they had manipulated currency markets. The six—Bank of America, Barclays, Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and UBS—agreed to pay $5.6 billion in penalties. All but Bank of America also admitted to crimes, although the significance of that is unclear. (Note: Original weblink no longer available) ––– FT, The Credit Rating Controversy, June 29, 2015: The "Big Three" global credit rating agencies—U.S.-based Standard and Poor's (S&P), Moody's, and Fitch Ratings—have come under intense scrutiny in the wake of the global financial crisis. (..) In Europe, the Big Three garnered further controversy over their sovereign debt ratings. While the public debt of crisis-hit countries like Greece, Portugal, and Ireland was relegated to “junk” status, the agencies also downgraded the creditworthiness of France, Austria, and other major eurozone economies. (Note: Original weblink no longer available) ––– FT, Rating Agencies: Badly Overrated – Regulators And Investors Rely Too Heavily On Credit Ratings, May 16, 2002: PITY the poor rating agencies. They work their socks off trying to give sensible credit ratings to every financial instrument they are asked to assess. Now they are under attack: from countries that claim to have been unfairly downgraded (such as Japan, see article); from companies struggling to cope with adverse markets; and from investors alarmed at the speed with which triple-A names can sink to single-B. America's regulators are also, post-Enron, reviewing the top three agencies' quasi-official status, for anti-competitiveness and potential conflicts of interest. (Note: Original weblink no longer available) ––– FT, Sec Pledges Overhaul Of Rating Agencies, January 25, 2003: The Securities and Exchange Commission on Friday pledged a sweeping overhaul of the regulation of credit rating agencies following criticism of their role in the collapse of Enron and the crisis in the telecommunications industry. The chief US financial regulator said a review of the credit rating business had "identified a wide range of issues that deserve further examination". (Note: Original weblink no longer available) ––– FT, Rating Agencies – Exclusion Zone, February 6, 2003: Regulators promise a belated review of the ratings oligopoly. THE domination of any industry by three firms ought to set regulators thinking. Does their power distort markets? Is lack of competition damaging? So it is in the world of credit ratings, where two big agencies, Moody's and Standard & Poor's (S&P), and one smaller one, Fitch, hold sway. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was asked by Congress last year to review their role. (Note: Original weblink no longer available) ––– FT, Paris To Target Credit Rating Agencies At G7, May 1, 2003: France plans to raise the issue of regulating the international credit ratings agencies with its partners in the Group of Seven industrial countries. The aim is to agree a set of principles with the ratings agencies to make them more transparent and accountable. The French finance ministry has already sounded out Moody's Investors Service, one of three big agencies that dominate the business. (Note: Original weblink no longer available) ––– FT, Pressure On Cdo Ratings, January 12, 2006: The European structured finance market is set to see benign or improving credit ratings cross most market segments this year after the best ever year for upgrades in 2005, according to analysts at Standard & Poor's, the ratings agency. The one area of continuing relative weakness in structured finance - which covers all kinds of asset-backed securitisations - would probably be in collateralised debt obligations, which in 2005 were hit by troubles in the US car industry and were likely to see ratings downgrades again this year. (Note: Original weblink no longer available) ––– FT, CREDIT RATINGS INDUSTRY COMES UNDER ATTACK, March 7, 2006: The dominance of the credit ratings industry by a handful of companies was attacked on Tuesday before the powerful Senate Banking Committee hearing in Washington. The hearing followed calls for legislative action that began intensifying after the failures of the main ratings agencies to flag up problems at Enron, WorldCom and Parmalat. More recent examples include Delphi, the car-parts maker that went from an investment grade rating in December 2004 to bankruptcy in less than a year. The Securities and Exchange Commission currently designates Nationally Recognised Statistical Rating Organisations using unspecified criteria. Only ratings supplied by an NRSRO are valid in the context of laws and regulations involving credit ratings, giving NRSROs huge influence.
[126] Money as Debt - Full Documentary - YouTube
[127] What is Debt/Equity Swap? | Examples | How Does it Work? (wallstreetmojo.com) ––– Corporate Debt Restructuring - ppt video online download (slideplayer.com)
[128] Countries Compared by Economy > Debt > External. International Statistics at NationMaster.com ––– World Debt Clocks (usdebtclock.org) ––– Creditor Country vs Debtor Country (sas.com) ––– America's Foreign Creditors - NYTimes.com ––– Whoops! Why Everyone Owes Everyone and No One Can Pay by John Lanchester | Business and finance books | The Guardian ––– Trends and major holders of U.S. federal debt in charts | Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (cepal.org) ––– Which Countries Hold the Most U.S. Debt? (visualcapitalist.com) ––– The Resistible Fall of Europe: An Interview with George Soros by George Soros - Project Syndicate (project-syndicate.org) ––– European Debt Crisis - Economic Collapse In 3 Minutes - Clarke & Dawe MUST SEE Video - YouTube ––– The European Debt Crisis Visualized - YouTube
[129] Shadow banking: still big, still dangerous - YouTube
[130] Ethically disputed business practices (Wikiped)
[131] Off-Balance Sheet Financing (OBSF): Definition and Purpose (investopedia.com) ––– Off-balance-sheet (Wikiped) ––– The Rise and Fall of WorldCom: Story of a Scandal (investopedia.com) ––– Enron Scandal: The Fall of a Wall Street Darling (investopedia.com) ––– The Accounting Trick Behind Thirty Years of Scandal | TIME.com
[132] Off-Balance-Sheet Entities: An Introduction (investopedia.com)
[133] The next chapter: creating an understanding of Special Purpose Vehicles (pwc.com) ––– Report on Special Purpose Entities (bis.org) ––– Special Purpose Entities and their role in Megaprojects: a new focus for understanding megaproject behaviour - CORE Reader
[134] Third-party technique (Wikiped)
[135] U.S. Department of Transportation, Risk Assessment for Public-Private Partnerships: A Primer (dot.gov) ––– David Hall, Why Private-Public Partnerships don't work - The many advantages of the public alternative (world-psi.org)
[136] What Are Articles of Incorporation? What's Included (investopedia.com)
[137] Asset-Backed Security (ABS): What It Is, How Different Types Work (investopedia.com)
[138] Bearer security financial definition of Bearer security (thefreedictionary.com)
[139] Collateral Definition, Types, & Examples (investopedia.com)
[140] What Is Defeasance? How It Works on the Balance Sheet and Example (investopedia.com) ––– Novation: Definition in Contract Law, Types, Uses, and Example (investopedia.com)
[141] Off-Balance Sheet Financing (OBSF): Definition and Purpose (investopedia.com)
[142] Equipment Trust Certificate (ETC) Definition (investopedia.com)
[143] Exchange of assets financial definition of Exchange of assets (thefreedictionary.com)
[144] Nine men's morris (Wikiped)
[145] What Is Financial Leverage, and Why Is It Important? (investopedia.com)
[146] What Is Gearing? Definition, How's It's Measured, and Example (investopedia.com)
[147] Golden Parachute: Definition, Examples, Controversy (investopedia.com)
[148] Interval Measure – Meaning, Importance, How to Calculate, Burn Rate | eFM (efinancemanagement.com)
[149] Leveraged Buyout (LBO) Definition: How It Works, with Example (investopedia.com)
[150] Leveraged Lease Definition (investopedia.com)
[151] Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) Definition (investopedia.com)
[152] Monte Carlo method (Wikiped) ––– IN THE LAND OF THE MAGIC ASTERISK - The New York Times (nytimes.com) ––– Four Magic Tricks for Fiscal Conservatives by Jeffrey Frankel - Project Syndicate (project-syndicate.org)
[153] Novation: Definition in Contract Law, Types, Uses, and Example (investopedia.com)
[154] What Is Defeasance? How It Works on the Balance Sheet and Example (investopedia.com)
[155] Off-Balance Sheet Financing (OBSF): Definition and Purpose (investopedia.com)
[156] Prepackaged Bankruptcy Definition (investopedia.com)
[157] Registrar: Overview and Examples in Corporate Finance (investopedia.com)
[160] Subprime mortgage crisis (2007-2010) (Wikiped)
[161] European debt crisis (Wikiped)
[162] Global financial crisis in 2009 (Wikiped)
[163] Great Recession (2007-2009) (Wikiped)
[164] Securitization: Definition, Meaning, Types, and Example (investopedia.com) ––– Secured Debt Definition (investopedia.com)
[165] Management of Corporate Greatness: Blending Goodness with Greed - Pradip N. Khandwalla - Google Books
