– #Mate.matics | Politics and Economics | 3 –
Then leave Complaints: Fools only strive / To make a Great an honest Hive / T' enjoy the World's Conveniencies / Be famed in War, Yet live in Ease / Without great Vices, is a vain / Eutopia seated in the Brain / Fraud, Luxury, and Pride must live / Whilst we the Benefits recieve / Hunger's a dreadful Plague, no doubt / Yet who digests or strives without? / Do we not owe the Growth of Wine / To the dry shabby crooked Vine? / Which, whilst its Shutes neglected stood / Choak'd other Plants, and ran to Wood / But blest us with its Noble Fruit / As soon as it was tied, and cut / So Vice is Beneficial found / When it's by Justice lopt, and bound / Nay, where the People would be great / As necessary to the State / As hunger is to make 'em eat / Bare Vertue can't make Nations live / In Splendour; they, that would revive / A Golden Age, must be free / For Acorns, as for Honesty (Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees)
Honourable Mrs Georgieva, Honourable Mr Banga!
Dear Kristalina, Dear Ajay!
How about sharing some +++ World News +++ to start with?
+++ Gaza Death Toll Unlimited[1] +++ Gun Smoke in Prag[2] +++ Navalny Got Lost on a Railroad to Nowhere[3] +++ Mexico’s Exodus Terminus[4] +++ Ivy League’s Mental Health[5] +++ The Oil Industry’s Green Eternal Flame[6] +++ Milei Ain’t Seen Nothin‘ Yet[7] +++
How about talking about Argentina’s President Elect?!
Well okay, let’s go!
In one of his books[8] Unmasking the Keynesian Lie[9], Javier The Chainsaw Massacre Milei voiced a remarkable slew of criticisms on Keynesian Economics[10].
Hmh ... has J. been suffering from somewhat of a long-haul oedipus complex[11]?
Perhaps, a female lecturer he had fallen in love with at university let him fail at passing a pivotal examination on Keynes, whom she greatly probably admired.
Come on folks, how could anyone seriously blame Argentina’s long-standing political, economic and social mess on John Maynard Keynes[12]?!
What kind of an academic cherry picking is this?
How about Javier’s critique on Prebisch[13]? In alphabetical order – what about his scrutiny in regard to Bastiat[14] ... Douglas[15] ... Friedman[16] ... Haavelmo[17] ... Hayek[18] ... Hobbes[19] ... Malthus[20] ... Marx[21] ... Mill[22] ... Mises[23] ... Ricardo[24] ... Smith[25].
Providing, Argentina’s economic and financial situation should be worsening, hopefully Milei won’t be planning on pursuing a diversionary policy[26] – just kidding ... but who knows, what the tipping points[27] might be.
Fighting inflation on Dollarisation[28] is certainly not the answer. Argentina’s political King Pin should be tapping into the United States‘[29] political, economic, monetary, fiscal and social situation.
Now and then, Womaniser Javier also seems to enjoy throwing mathematical formulae at certain people, trying to make the impression of a larger than calculus personality.
Being an Econo Master, does Mr Deep Cut really understand the kind of Mathematics pivotal to Econometrics[30] or is he just pulling off party tricks?
Ready for an Excursus on Doing Calculations?
Fibonacci [1170 – 1240; Fibonacci Sequence] is considered the historical Godfather Of Combinatorics. Leibniz (1646 – 1716) and acknowledged as the creator of the terms Combinatorics and Permutation.
According to Fermat‘s (1601 – 1665; Number Theory, Probability Theory and Calculus of Variations) and Pascal‘s (1623 – 1662; Pascal's Triangle) correspondence on Probability Theory, both prove to be the Nestors of Neo-Classical Combinatorics in regard to Variation and Combination.
Furthermore, historically decisive Combinatorial Insights bear on Bernoulli (1654 – 1705; Probability Theory, Binomial Distribution and Bernoulli Distribution as well as Calculus of Variations), Euler (1707 – 1783; Number Theory, Algebra, Combinatorics) and Gauss (1777-1855; Triangular Number, Pascal's Triangle).
An equally important contribution to the Holistic Context of Combinatorics is also to be found in Netto‘s (1846 – 1919) Constructivism (philosophy of mathematics), works on Combinatorics and Group Theory [Investigation of the Algebraic Structure Of Groups – Proof of the Sylow theorems according to Sylow; chapter Combinatorics, Probability Theory in the fourth volume of the Lectures on the History of Mathematics by Moritz Cantor[31] (1829 – 1920; Lectures on the History of Mathematics) – Georg Cantor; Schröder–Bernstein Theorem].
Moreover, Dedekind (1831-1916; group theory), Peirce (1839-1914; Truth table) and Schröder (1841-1902; Schröder Number) deserve credits.
The Contemporaries of Modern Combinatorics are as follows, von Neumann (1903-1957; Game Theory), Hall (1904-1982; Hall's Marriage Theorem, Möbius Inversion Formula), Weisner (1899-1988; Möbius Inversion Formula), Birkhoff (1911-1996; Lattice Theory on Order Relations and Algebraic Structures), Rota (1932-1999, On The Foundations of Combinatorial Theory I. Theory of Möbius Functions) and Stanley (1944-date; Enumerative Combinatorics, Combinatorics and Commutative Algebra).
Back to the issue, Milei‘s political and economic positioning[32] as Argentina’s President Elect has brought about nothing but the Peso’s[33] devaluation and plans on deep cuts in public spending[34], as a part of so-called emergency economic reforms[35].
Now, how could a junkie of a Debtor[36] like Argentina possibly let her President be calling for the National Cental Bank’s[37] closure while upsetting a traditionally seasoned framework of an econo-political blue print?!
Anarchy … anyone, anyone?[38]
In fact, the joint Evolution of Democracy[39], Politics[40] and Economics[41] has reflected on Mankind’s, i.e. the common People’s lack of elemental Perception and Insight into their singular and plural Human Nature[42] by means of Introspection[43] directed at themselves[44] and their Relationships[45]; as much as an anarchic crowd’s failure at establishing a reasonable Degree of Objectivity[46] towards understanding each other and their Environment serving the common goal of mutual Survival.
Eventually, the individual and collective Incapacity of negotiating and substantiating a Canon of Ethics and Morality[47] without an appointed institutional Arbiter in charge of surveying as well as balancing Needs and Interests, opposes the Likelihood and Feasibility of a truly libertarian, i.e. non-supervised Society in terms of facilitating and sustaining Industriousness, Competitiveness, Wealth Distribution, Fairness, Humaneness!
By the way, ever heard of the Ten Commandments[54]?
Most notably, Mandeville’s[48] caricature of vice and virtue as much as Rand‘s[49] crusade on self-determintion, each introduced strikingly unique Concepts of Libertarianism. However, such kind of ethical egoism[50] is an oxymoron, i.e. neither Ethics prove egoistic, nor does Self-Centeredness[51] if not Narcissism[52] serve the Ethics of Altruism[53].
Nonetheless, weren’t they simply wishful thinkers?
A creatively engineered, i.e. strangely pre-fabricated ethical, poetical and philosophical construction of a Self-Referencing System featuring an odd Societal Hybrid of singular Egoism[55] wondruously transforming into the invisible hand[56] of plural Altruism[57] has always proven divorced from the empirical and social Reality Mankind’s Historical Track Record has brought about.
Ready for a brief Excursus on Enlightenment?
Philosophy, phrasing the Pursuit of Universal Wisdom unlike any other term, has always prepared the Ground for all The Sciences[58] on behalf of her Quest for Truth. Usually, one associates the Great Ancient[59], Classical European[60] and North-American[61] Thinkers with Philosophy.
How about also crediting the greatest Architects‘[62], Musicians[63], Painters‘[64] and Pop-Artists‘[65] Philosophies we’ve ever seen?
We've come to admire e.g. Galilei, da Vinci, Newton, von Humboldt (Alexander), Einstein and other Renaissance Man of the like, few and far between. Hadn't they been Philosopher's, they wouldn't have accomplished what they did to the Benefit of Mankind.
Back to Argentine Reality and History, Argentina’s Population and Parliament[66] rests on its history[67] of a loop-like Journey of Democracy winding up in Dictatorship[68] and vice versa, behaving like an idle armchair quarterback.
In the context of reactionary Latin American Politics[69] and Right-Wing Populism[70], Argentina’s scape goat ain’t merely Keynes. As a matter of fact, the so-called Anti-Communist Alliance[71] denunciates Communism and Socialism, epitomising a fatal misunderstanding of Social Democracy[72].
Knock knock Argentina – ever heard of Roosevelt’s[73] New Deal[74]?
What else?
Reportedly, Bureaucracy[75] and Lobbyism[76] triggering Corruption and Fraud[77] prove an Argentine as much as a Latin American and global Phenomenon among governing Politicians and Business Leaders, quite independent of any type of political regime.
Over decades if not a century, Argentina can't deny having gradually turned into one of many other Latin American sorts of Banana Republic under varying flags of authoritarian and democratic Administrations.
With all due respect, the Argentine and Latin American Trade Unions[78] altogether beg uneasy questions on their (in-/dependent) standing and the extent to which they've been either countering or conducive to vesting such Bossy States[79].
Back to the main personal matter.
Dictator[80] Milei‘s[81] disruptively innovative[82] plan of a rat race on relieving The State of Argentina of institutional Checks and Balances while still heavily relying on Police and Military Forces for the sake of law and order shouldn't be ringing attentive minds‘ hells bells only.
Paradoxically, Chainsaw's neo-liberal[83] intentions suggest analogies to the anarcho-capitalist[84] character of classic Fascism[85] in close ties with Business Libertarianism, i.e. libertarian Imperial Business[86] Practices of Oligopoly or Monopoly Capitalism[87].
Such an Axis of politico-economical, i.e. econo-political conspiracy tends to be serving a few big shots in Politics, some big whig's in Business, leaving the Public Precariate[88] in permanent physical and psych(ot)ical limbo as the Outlook on their Subsistence in terms of Employment, Earned Income and Social Security is concerned.
Obviously, Land owners have been, still are and will likely remain the most notorious Oligarchs, i.e. Oligopo-Monopoly Capitalists in Argentina[89] and Latin America[90] altogether – unless, the Majority of Argentine and Latin American people decided not to continue fostering a less than semi-decent life, living on their knees.
The Fountainhead started in my mind as a definition of a new code of ethics – the morality of individualism. The idea of individualism is not new, but nobody had defined a consistent and specific way to live by it in practice. It is in their statements on morality that the individualist thinkers have floundered and lost their case. They had nothing better to offer than vulgar selfishness which consisted of sacrificing others to self. When I realized that that was only another form of collectivism – of living through others by ruling them – I had the key to The Fountainhead and to the character of Howard Roark. (Ayn Rand)
A Penny … sorry … Peso for your thoughts and how about resolving Argentina’s issues?
Fine, that’s pretty much it for the time being and there’s certainly a lot more input coming up soon.
Enjoy The Day, Feliz Navidad[91] and a Happy New Year!
Respectfully yours,
Cal Caleido
Frame of Reference
Mme Villarruel ... Let’s Talk Over A Cup of Mate!
Milei ... Let’s Talk Over A Cup of Mate!
[1] Israel-Hamas war: More than 20,000 Palestinians have been killed, Gaza health officials say | AP News
[2] Prague shooting: Gunman shot himself as officers approached him on roof - police - BBC News
[3] Alexei Navalny, Russia’s opposition leader, is missing in the gulag (economist.com)
[4] Biden seeks help from Mexican president on surge in border crossings - The Washington Post
[5] Harvard, MIT, Penn presidents defend actions in combatting antisemitism on campus | AP News
[6] Big Oil Is Gaslighting the World - Truthdig
[7] ‘Unconstitutional’ – Experts, critics slam Milei’s massive reform plan | Buenos Aires Times (batimes.com.ar)
[8] Books by Javier Milei (Author of Libertad, libertad, libertad) (goodreads.com)
[9] Unmasking the Keynesian Lie | Javier Milei — Eightify ––– Debating Keynesianism with Javier Milei — Eightify
[10] Keynesian economics | Definition, Theory, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Money ––– Economics - Demand, Supply, Fiscal Policy | Britannica Money ––– Full employment | economics | Britannica ––– related as follows: John Maynard Keynes | Biography, Theory, Economics, Books, & Facts | Britannica ––– The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (ethz.ch)
[11] Oedipus complex (Wikiped)
[12] John Maynard Keynes | Biography, Theory, Economics, Books, & Facts | Britannica ––– The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (ethz.ch) ––– related as follows: Keynesian economics | Definition, Theory, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Money ––– Economics - Demand, Supply, Fiscal Policy | Britannica Money ––– Full employment | economics | Britannica
[13] Raúl Prebisch (Wikiped) ––– Raúl Prebisch | Latin American, Economic Theory, Dependency Theory | Britannica ––– Dependency theory | Definition & Facts | Britannica ––– Raúl Prebisch - The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (cepal.org)
[14] Frederic Bastiat | Biography & Facts | Britannica ––– That Which Is Seen, and That Which Is Not Seen | Mises Institute ––– The Law, by Frederic Bastiat
[15] Silvio Gesell (Wikiped) ––– Social Credit | political economics | Britannica ––– Free Money for Social Progress: Theory and Practice of Gesell's Accelerated Money on JSTOR ––– Silvio Gesell, Who Wanted To Create Money That Expired, Is Making A Comeback : Planet Money : NPR ––– Silvio Gesell's Theory and Accelerated Money Experiments (hal.science) ––– Free-economics: The vision of reformer Silvio Gesell (researchgate.net) ––– related (1) as follows: Clifford Douglas | Social Credit, Labour Movement, Industrialism | Britannica ––– Social Credit | political economics | Britannica ––– related (2) as follows: Austrian Places: The Woergl Experiment — New Austrian (austrianinformation.org) ––– A Free Money Miracle? | Mises Institute ––– The Austrian "Credit Money" Craze of 1920 | Mises Wire ––– How a Tiny Austrian Village Solved Play-to-Earn Gaming Economics…in 1932 | by Greg Larson | Coinmonks | Medium ––– Naturalmoney.org - The miracle of Wörgl ––– The Wörgl Currency and Demurrage | Reinventing Money ––– Shillings from Heaven / Wörgl's Miracle (German / English Subs) (youtube.com) ––– related (3) as follows: Local currencies in European History: an analytical framework (hal.science) ––– related (4) as follows: The Origins and Political Consequences of Social Capital (princeton.edu)
[16] Milton Friedman | Biography, Books, University of Chicago, Inflation, & Facts | Britannica ––– Milton Friedman - Capitalism and Freedom (archive.org)
[17] Trygve Haavelmo | Econometric Theory, Probability Theory & Mathematical Economics | Britannica ––– Balanced budget (Wikiped) ––– Trygve Haavelmo - The Probability Approach in Econometrics (fitelson.org) ––– related as follows: Empirics and Econometrics (hetwebsite.net) ––– The Deficit Debtes Again (hetwebsite.net)
[18] F.A. Hayek | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica ––– Friedrich A. Hayek - The Constitution of Liberty (iu.edu) ––– Friedrich A. Hayek - The Constitution of Liberty (mises.at)
[19] Thomas Hobbes | Biography, Philosophy, Beliefs, Leviathan, Legacy, & Facts | Britannica ––– Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan (mcmaster.ca) ––– related feature: Never Break Leviathan‘s Sleep! - Cal Caleido’s Substack
[20] Thomas Malthus | Biography, Theory, Overpopulation, Poverty, & Facts | Britannica ––– Thomas Malthus - Essay on the Principle of Population (esp.org) ––– related features as follows: Una Festa Sui Prati: The Malthusian Curse - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Desert Dune Drifters! - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Behemoth’s Unresolved Simplexities! - Cal Caleido’s Substack
[21] Karl Marx | Books, Theory, Beliefs, Children, Communism, Sociology, Religion, & Facts | Britannica ––– Karl Marx - The Capital (usp.br)
[22] John Stuart Mill | Biography, Philosophy, Utilitarianism, On Liberty, & Books | Britannica ––– John S. Mill - On Liberty (socialsciences.mcmaster.ca) ––– John S. Mill – A System Of Logic, Ratiocinative And Inductive (Vol. 1 of 2) (gutenberg.org) ––– John S. Mill - Utilitarianism (mcmaster.ca)
[23] Ludwig von Mises | Books, Beliefs, Liberalism, & Socialism | Britannica ––– Ludwig von Mises - Human Action: The Scholar‘s Edition (mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com) ––– Ludwig von Mises – Liberalism: The Classic Tradition (fee.org) ––– related (1) as follows: Karl Popper | Biography, Books, Theory, & Facts | Britannica ––– Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (philotextes.info) ––– All Life Is Problem Solving (itb-ad.ac.id) ––– Karl Popper, Science and Enlightenment (oapen.org) ––– related (2) as follows: Ayn Rand | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica ––– Objectivism | Ayn Rand’s Ideas & Impact | Britannica ––– Ayn Rand - Anthem (leonschools.net) ––– Ayn Rand – The Fountainhead (pxu.org) ––– Ayn Rand - Atlas Shrugged (antilogicalism.com) ––– related (3) as follows: Bernard de Mandeville | Philosopher, Satirist, Poet | Britannica ––– The Fable of the Bees | work by Mandeville | Britannica ––– Bernard Mandeville - The Fable of The Bees (II) (libertyfund.org)
[24] David Ricardo | Biography, Theory, Comparative Advantage, & Works | Britannica ––– On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (mcmaster.ca)
[25] Adam Smith | Biography, Books, Capitalism, Invisible Hand, & Facts | Britannica ––– Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (rrojasdatabank.info)
[26] Was the Malvinas/Falklands a Diversionary War? : A Prospect-Theory Reinterpretation of Argentina’s Decline (uni-konstanz.de) ––– Diversionary Theory of War - International Relations - Oxford Bibliographies ––– Diversionary foreign policy (Wikiped) ––– related as follows: Falkland Islands War - Argentina, Britain, Conflict | Britannica
[27] Declassified files reveal British interest in Falkland Islands oil | Falkland Islands | The Guardian ––– Eduardo Elsztain (Wikiped) ––– Argentinian billionaire in Falklands bid | London Evening Standard | Evening Standard
[28] Does Javier Milei’s dollarisation plan for Argentina make any economic sense? | Javier Milei | The Guardian ––– Dollarization, devaluation, debt: potential traps for Argentina investors | Reuters ––– related as follows: Currency substitution (Wikiped) ––– Dollarization Definition, Impact, Example (investopedia.com)
[29] Related features as follows: I'm sorry Dave! - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Beware of the Alien Nation: - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Greenspan’s Stunt Show! - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– RE: Tirement in Dire Straits! - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Beware of The Bitcoin! - Cal Caleido’s Substack
[30] EnhanceTuition | The Economics Tutor - YouTube
[31] Related: Georg Cantor; Schröder–Bernstein theorem
[32] Political positions of Javier Milei (Wikiped) ––– An interview with Javier Milei (economist.com)
[33] Argentina announces a 50% devaluation of its currency as part of shock economic measures - CBS News ––– Argentina Sharply Devalues Its Peso Currency to Tame Inflation - WSJ ––– Milei government confirms massive devaluation of peso | Buenos Aires Times (batimes.com.ar)
[34] Argentina devalues peso, cuts spending to treat fiscal deficit 'addiction' | Reuters ––– Argentina sharply devalues its currency and cuts subsidies as part of shock economic measures | AP News
[35] Argentina to devalue peso by over 50% as part of emergency economic reforms | CNN Business
[36] List of sovereign debt crises (Wikiped) ––– Argentine debt restructuring (Wikiped) ––– related as follows: Six Key Considerations for Argentine Creditors (clearygottlieb.com) ––– The IMF tells Argentina’s creditors some harsh truths (economist.com) ––– Argentina’s Path to Debt Relief from Private Creditors | Yale School of Management ––– The State of Argentina’s Debt Restructuring… | Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org) ––– Argentina on brink of ninth debt default (ft.com) ––– Argentina and creditors enter new round - OMFIF ––– Argentina and three creditor groups reach a deal on debt restructuring – Ministry of Economy (economia.gob.ar) ––– Argentina reaches restructuring deal with creditors - LatinFinance ––– Argentina's creditors back $65 billion debt restructuring deal - Business Daily (france24.com) ––– related feature: Milei ... Let’s Talk Over A Cup of Mate! - Cal Caleido’s Substack
[37] Argentina's Milei says shutting central bank 'non-negotiable' | Reuters
[38] "Anyone, anyone" teacher from Ferris Bueller's Day Off - YouTube
[39] Democracy | Definition, History, Meaning, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica ––– Origins of Early Democracy (nyu.edu)
[40] Politics & Political Systems Portal | Britannica ––– A History of Political Science - How What Why (princeton.edu) ––– Understanding our Political Nature (publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu) ––– Meaning, Nature and Definition of Political Science (macollege.in) ––– Political Concepts (core.ac.uk)
[41] Economics | Definition, History, Examples, Types, & Facts | Britannica Money ––– Introduction to economics and history (cambridge.org) ––– A Short History of Economic Thought (emu.edu.tr) ––– An outline of the history of economic thought (unkhair.ac.id) ––– Coming Together - History of Economics as History of Science (economix.fr) ––– Handbook of the History of Economic Thought: Insights on the Founders of Modern Economics (The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences) (ucla.edu) ––– The Concept of Applied Economics - A History of Ambiguity and Multiple Meaning (archive.org) ––– The formation of “Modern” Economics Engineering and Ideology (lse.ac.uk) ––– History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective (uoa.gr) ––– John Mills - A Critical History of Economics (kp.ac.rw)
[42] Locke: John Locke | Philosophy, Social Contract, Two Treatises of Government, & Facts | Britannica ––– John Locke - An Essay on Human Understanding (unicamp.br) ––– | ––– Hume: David Hume | Biography, Philosophy, Empiricism, Skepticism, & Works | Britannica ––– David Hume - A Treatise of Human Nature (uoa.gr) ––– | ––– Spinoza: Benedict de Spinoza | Biography, Ethics, & Facts | Britannica ––– Philosophies of Benedict de Spinoza and the Ethics | Britannica ––– Judaism - Spinoza, Philosophy, Ethics | Britannica ––– Major Works - Baruch Spinoza (thegreatthinkers.org) ––– The chief works of Benedict de Spinoza (archive.org) ––– Spinoza's Life and Works (wordpress.com) ––– Benedict de Spinoza - A Political Treatise (ethz.ch) ––– | ––– Kant: Immanuel Kant | Biography, Philosophy, Books, & Facts | Britannica ––– Immanuel Kant - Critique of Pure Reason (libertyfund.org) ––– Immanuel Kant - Practical Philosophy (wordpress.com) ––– | ––– Hegel: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Philosophy of Mind (sfu.ca) ––– Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - The Phenomenology of Spirit (libcom.org) ––– Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Philosoophy of Right (marxists.org) ––– | ––– Tocqueville: Alexis de Tocqueville | French Historian, Political Writer & Social Critic | Britannica ––– Alexis de Tocqueville - Democracy in America ––– | ––– Voltaire: Voltaire | Biography, Works, Philosophy, Ideas, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica ––– Voltaire and the French enlightenment (archive.org) ––– | ––– Ortega y Gasset: José Ortega y Gasset | Spanish writer, thinker, reformer | Britannica ––– Jose Ortega y Gasset - The Revolt of the Masses (monoskop.org) ––– | ––– related feature: Tweets of Truth ... - Cal Caleido’s Substack
[43] Sigmund Freud | Biography, Theories, Psychology, Books, Works, & Facts | Britannica ––– Sigmund Freud - Civilization and Its Discontents (yorku.ca)
[44] R.D. Laing | Existentialist, Anti-psychiatry & Psychotherapist | Britannica ––– Ronald D. Laing - The Divided Self (An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness) (curezone.org)
[45] Eric Berne | American psychologist | Britannica ––– Transactional analysis | psychology | Britannica ––– Eric Berne - Games People Play (The Paychology of Human Relationships) (usmf.md)
[46] Waismann, Friedrich | Encyclopedia.com ––– Friedrich Waismann - Symposium: Verifiability (ualberta.ca) ––– | ––– Ludwig Wittgenstein | Austrian Philosopher, Logician & Mathematician | Britannica –––
[47] Albert Schweitzer | Alsatian Theologian, Philosopher & Physician | Britannica ––– Kulturphilosophie | work by Schweitzer | Britannica ––– Albert Schweitzer - The decay and the restoration of civilization .. (archive.org) ––– The Restoration of Albert Schweitzer’s Ethical Vision (pageplace.de)
[48] Bernard de Mandeville | Philosopher, Satirist, Poet | Britannica ––– The Fable of the Bees | work by Mandeville | Britannica ––– Bernard Mandeville - The Fable of The Bees (II) (libertyfund.org)
[49] Ayn Rand | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica ––– Objectivism | Ayn Rand’s Ideas & Impact | Britannica ––– Ayn Rand - Anthem (leonschools.net) ––– Ayn Rand – The Fountainhead (pxu.org) ––– Ayn Rand - Atlas Shrugged (antilogicalism.com)
[50] Ethical egoism | Definition, Examples, Arguments, & Facts | Britannica
[52] Narcissism (Wikiped) ––– related as follows: Christopher Lasch (Wikiped) ––– Christopher Lasch - The Culture of Narcissism (thezeitgeistmovement.se)
[54] Ten Commandments | Description, History, Text, & Facts | Britannica
[55] Egoism (Wikiped) ––– Ethical egoism | Definition, Examples, Arguments, & Facts | Britannica
[56] Invisible hand | Definition, Economics, Example, & Facts | Britannica Money ––– related as follows: Adam Smith | Biography, Books, Capitalism, Invisible Hand, & Facts | Britannica ––– Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (rrojasdatabank.info)
[57] Altruism (Wikiped) ––– Altruism | Selflessness, Morality & Compassion | Britannica
[58] Related: D. M. Mackinnon, F. Waismann, W. C. Kneal - Symposium on Verifiability (ualberta.ca) ––– Friedrich Waismann, The Open Texture of Analytic Philosophy (ohio-state.edu) ––– on the Author: Friedrich Waismann (Wikiped)
[59] (Arab) Abū Bakr Muhammad, Fakhr al-Din, Yahya ibn Adi ––– (Chinese) Confucius, Dong Zhongshu, Mencius ––– (Greek) Aristotle, Plato, Socrates ––– (Egyptian) Athanasius, Origen, Plotinus ––– (Roman) Aurel, Cicero, Seneca (many others of the like should deserve honourable mentions)
[60] European: (British) Hume, Locke, Smith ––– (French) Descartes, Rousseau, Voltaire ––– (German) Hegel, Kant, Nietzsche ––– (Italian) Machiavelli (Niccolò) ––– (Spanish) Ortega y Gasset
[61] Edwards, Emerson, Paine (many others of the like should deserve honourable mentions)
[62] For example: Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome ––– Wright (Frank Lloyd), Le Corbusier, Gropius, van der Rohe (many others of the like should deserve honourable mentions)
[63] Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Gershwin, Mozart ––– Caruso, Callas ––– Baez, Dylan, Guthrie ––– Davis (Miles) ––– The Beatles, Elvis, Hendrix, The Rolling Stones (many others of the like should deserve honourable mentions too)
[64] For example: da Vinci, Michelangelo ––– Rembrandt, Van Gogh ––– Dali, Picasso, Kandinsky (many others of the like should deserve honourable mentions too)
[65] For example: Beuys, Christo ––– Kienholz, Hanson ––– Liechtenstein, Warhol (many others of the like should deserve honourable mentions too)
[66] Argentina's Parliament and other political institutions (europa.eu)
[67] Argentina - Economy, Politics, Culture | Britannica ––– Politics of Argentina (Wikiped) ––– Argentina: The superpower that never was (ft.com) ––– The Geopolitics of Argentina: The Superpower That Wasn’t (stratfor.com)
[68] Argentina: The Journey From Military Intervention to Subordination | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
[69] From Venezuela to Argentina: The Situation in South America | Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org)
[70] Radical, Nativist, Authoritarian—Or All of These? Assessing Recent Cases of Right-Wing Populism in Latin America (sagepub.com)
[71] Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Wikiped)
[72] Social democracy | Definition, Principles & History | Britannica ––– related: Democratic socialism | Definition, Explanation, & Examples Definition | Britannica Money
[73] Franklin D. Roosevelt | Accomplishments, New Deal, Great Depression, World War II, & Death | Britannica
[74] New Deal | Definition, History, Programs, Summary, & Facts | Britannica Money
[75] Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators (WWBI) | DataBank (worldbank.org) ––– related (1) as follows: Index of Bureaucracy in Latin America 2022 (atlasnetwork.org) ––– Bureaucracy and the Failure of Politics: Challenges to Democratic Governance (cwimpy.com) ––– Bureaucracy, Informality and Taxation - Essays in Development Economics and Public Finance (diva-portal.org) ––– related (2) as follows: Peter principle (Wikiped) ––– Peter principle - Why things always go wrong (profilebooks.com) ––– The Peter Principle: A Theory of Decline (econstor.eu) ––– related (3) as follows: Parkinson's law (Wikiped) ––– Parkinson's Law and other Studies in Administration (elte.hu) ––– Parkinson’s Law and absorptive capacity (econstor.eu)
[76] Availability: Lobbying data - Global Data Barometer Handbook ––– related: Lobby Regulation Transparency And Democratic Governance in Latin America (oecd.org)
[77] Corruption in Argentina (Wikiped) ––– Boudougate (Wikiped) ––– The role of corruption in Argentine politics, 1966 to 2022 (mtsu.edu) Fernández de Kirchner: Argentina vice-president found guilty of corruption - BBC News ––– Argentina’s Vice President, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Found Guilty of Fraud - The New York Times (nytimes.com) ––– related: Biden administration declares Argentine union bureaucracy a “model” as it enforces historic cuts in living standards - World Socialist Web Site (wsws.org)
[78] Trade Unions in Latin America (uni-bielefeld.de) ––– Latin American Confederation of Workers (Wikiped) ––– related: Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (corteidh.or) ––– related feature by analogy: Liberty’s Eye of The Tiger! - Cal Caleido’s Substack
[79] Biden administration declares Argentine union bureaucracy a “model” as it enforces historic cuts in living standards - World Socialist Web Site (wsws.org)
[80] By figurative analogy: The Dictator (2012 film) (Wikiped) ––– The Dictator --100 Meter Race Scene - YouTube
[81] Public image of Javier Milei (Wikiped)
[82] Disruptive innovation (Wikiped)
[83] Neoliberalism : a Critical Reader (researchgate.net)
[84] Anarcho-capitalism | Definition, Origins, Theorists, Objections, & Facts Definition | Britannica Money
[85] Neumann: Franz Neumann | German political scientist | Britannica ––– Franz Neumann - Behemoth | Excerpt (columbia.edu) ––– Behemoth The Structure And Practice Of National Socialism : Franz Neumann : Internet Archive ––– related features: Tweets of Truth ... - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Withstanding Êpitomes of Destrûctiveness! - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Behemoth’s Unresolved Simplexities! - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Cogwheels Creaking Cowardly ... - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Alleman(n)iac Transformers in Concert ... - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Procrustes' Cocoons: - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Confucius‘ Candyman Can! - Cal Caleido’s Substack ––– Never Break Leviathan‘s Sleep! - Cal Caleido’s Substack
[86] Sheldon Wolin (Wikiped) ––– Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought (ethernet.edu.et)
[87] Paul Sweezy (Wikiped) ––– Paul M. Sweezy - Monopoly Capitalism | Monthly Review
[88] Share of wealth by percentile Argentina 2021 | Statista ––– Argentina (Ranked 58th) : Legatum Prosperity Index 2023 ––– Wealth Inequality by Country 2023 (worldpopulationreview.com) ––– related (1) as follows: Argentina: A Casualty of the Free Market? | Cato Institute ––– Why is Argentina’s economy such a mess? - YouTube ––– related (2) as follows: Economic history of Argentina (Wikiped) ––– Argentina - Economy, Politics, Culture | Britannica
[89] In Argentina The Upper Class Dominated Rural Land Ownership | Real Estate and Investment News from South America (gatewaytosouthamerica-newsblog.com) ––– The Ridiculously Large Ranches of the Argentinian Interior - Curbed ––– related: The Landowners from the Great Depression to the rise of Peronism, 1930–1945 | The Landowners of the Argentine Pampas: A Social and Political History 1860–1945 | Oxford Academic (oup.com) ––– a case in point: Eduardo Elsztain (Wikiped) ––– Argentinian billionaire in Falklands bid | London Evening Standard | Evening Standard ––– Former Soros Protege Thrives Amid Argentine Crisis with Diverse Real Estate Portfolio (bloomberglinea.com) ––– Soros Protege Eduardo Elsztain Builds Real Estate Empire in Argentina - Bloomberg
[90] Land inequality in Latin America worse today than in decades | Oxfam International ––– Latin America has most unequal land distribution, Colombia fares worst: charity | Reuters ––– Unearthed: Land, power and inequality in Latin America (oxfam.org) ––– related: Scramble for riches: Can South America's Lithium Triangle mint new millionaires? - MINING.COM
[91] José Feliciano - Feliz Navidad (Official Audio) - YouTube
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